FORM Intro -> Verse -> Refrain -> Verse -> Refrain -> Outro
GENERAL POINTS OF INTEREST
Style and Form
- The combination of textural soft-focus with a Moderato tempo is a bit
of a departure for John though the elliptical emotional stance of the
lyrics is right up his alley.
- The form is structurally both short and simple. To the extent that,
as we'll see, the formal boundary between what I've labelled as Verse
and Refrain is rather blurred you might argue that the meat of the
song be even more compactly described as a repetition of a single
larger Verse + Refrain "combo" section.
Melody and Harmony
- Chromatic scale motion, always one of John's favorite hot buttons,
has an influence on both melody and harmony in this song; creating
here side effects as diverse as cross-relations, augmented triads,
and harmonic root movement of a tritone.
- In spite of the relatively small number of chords that are utilized
throughout, the song deploys the mildly unusual flat-VII (B flat)
in two entirely different contexts; as we'll see, it's the same old
chord but with a different meaning, the result of a change in the
angle of approach.
- The melodic hooks of the song feature a sighing 6->5 appoggiatura,
whether it's the descending guitar lick of the intro/outro, or the
main vocal line; in the verse, on the words "(be)side-you", and in
the refrain on the word "hard", so to speak.
Arrangement
- The overall sound of the piece is one that is difficult to pigeonhole.
You would expect the prominence of the guitar parts and relative absence
of percussion to project a Byrds-ey folk rock image, but the hazy finish
applied to the final mix works at cross-currents to that.
- The acoustic and electric guitars remain well isolated from each other
on the two stereo tracks in spite of all haze. The lead part consists
heavily of choppy chords applied to the syncopated off-beats and short
melodic fills between the phrases.
- The vocals feature John all the way; single tracked solo in verse,
and doubled up in the refrain. The double tracking here sounds more
out of synch and less evenly balanced than usual, making me wonder if
one of the two vocals is actually the vestige of a "guide vocal" left
over from an early take of the backing track.
SECTION-BY-SECTION WALKTHROUGH
Intro
- We have a four-measure intro which economically establishes the
instrumental texture, tone, and tonality of the entire song:
--------------- 2X --------------
|C |a |
C: I vi
- The intro, (as well as the outro and part of the refrain) place an almost
hook-like emphasis on the I->vi progression, which is an old Beatles
trademark starting back as far as "Misery" and running heavily through
the 'A side' of _With The Beatles_.
Verse
- Very much like what we saw last time in "I've Just Seen A Face", the
verse here is a twelve measure section whose 'AAB' phrasing pattern
matches that of the blues even though such a connection is supported
by neither the harmony nor the style:
------------------------------- 2X ------------------------------
chords: |C e |B-flat F |G |G augmented |
b'line: |C B |B-flat F ...
I iii6/4 flat-VII IV V 4 -> 3 #5
6 -> 5
|F |G |C |a |
IV V I vi
- The downward chromatic bassline at the start "forces" a strange
root progression of I->iii->flat-VII. The effect of this is
somewhat softened by the linear logic of the bassline itself
and the placement of the iii chord in so-called second inversion;
try playing the same progression with the iii chord in root position
and see how much more strange it sounds.
- Some analysts might even argue in favor of not analyzing our e minor
chord here as 'iii' with a Roman numeral per se, as much as they would
describe it more simply as the transitory harmonic by-product of linear
motion between the two surrounding chords. Again, try imagining the
phrase without *any* e minor chord in it, just the C Major chord sustained
all the way through the entire first measure, and note how the overall
feel of it is still the same.
- The usage of flat-VII sounds here like the "IV-of-IV" variant most
familiar to Beatles fans in context of the second half of "Hey Jude."
- A constant low-level of harmonic dissonance abounds, rather evocative
of the vague basal uneasiness described in the lyrics. Some of it
is logically motivated and clearly resolved; e.g. the 4-3 suspension
implied by the lead guitar part in measure 3, and the transient
augmented chord caused by chromatic motion, this time upward for
a change. Yet, some of it is entirely gratuitous; e.g. the
added sixths implied by the vocal part over the F and G chords
in the last phrase (on the words "so" and "to/it").
- The first two phrases open out to V; not just a "vanilla" kind of
V, but that intensified augmented flavor of it. And this only goes
to heighten the sense of musical frustration and backing off that is
inherent in the deferred gratification of moving onward from V to IV.
- The ending of the section with our much favored I-vi progression is
so open ended in feeling that the dividing line between the verse and
refrain is much less clearly articulated than usual.
Refrain
- The refrain is eight measures long and built out of two roughly parallel
phrases that are equal in length. The first phrase leads into the second
one exactly the same way it itself had been set up by the verse ending.
The second phrase leads back toward the following verse with its ending
on V:
|B-flat |G |C |a |
flat-VII V I vi
6 -> 5
|B-flat |G |F |G |
flat-VII V IV V
- With the the verse ending on the vi chord (a minor), you'd much sooner
expect the first chord of this refrain to be either IV (F) or ii (d);
try this out and see how well it actually works. The move to B flat,
while not at all unsatisfying *does* work as a surprise, and furthermore
sets up a cross-relation when the next chord after it is V (G). This
use of flat-VII as a subdominant is something we saw for the first time
way back in "All My Loving", of all places. As a device, you might
describe it as similar in structure and effect to the gambit in which
V-of-V is followed by IV, which also turns out to be a much favored
harmonic trick of the Beatles.
- No surprise, by the way, but a tambourine is added for this section
to provide some contrast in the instrumental backing.
Outro
- The outro is so smoothly handled that you'd never notice where
the seams of it are unless you stopped to analyze it per se. It
starts off with a single petit reprise of last half-phrase of the
refrain that is stretched out for an extra three of measures by John's
falsetto melissma, with the whole thing is capped by the intro
redux:
------- 2X -----
|F |G |C |a |C |a |C ||
IV V I vi I vi I
|--- reprise ---|---- melissma ---------|
| -- 2nd time: intro ----|
- The resonating reverb and tremelo applied to the the final chord is
striking; what more can I say about it ?
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