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KEY B Major METER 4/4 FORM Verse -> Verse -> Bridge -> Verse -> Verse (instrumental solo) -> Bridge -> Verse -> Verse -> Bridge (w/complete ending)
GENERAL POINTS OF INTEREST
- As an example of Paul's interest in borrowing elements of the early 19th century 'Art Song,' I place this one on the Spectrum of Style somewhere in between "Eleanor Rigby" and "Michelle." Its self- conscious application of Classical techniques is almost but not quite as extreme as the former, while the romantic feelings conjured by its lyrics are at least as earnest yet infinitely more grown up than the latter.
- The form is completely cyclic in the style of a multi-versed art or folk song. The sequence of double verse and bridge is thrice repeated without intro, outro, or any other intervening interludes.
- The tune features a larger than average quotient of jumps and triadic outlines compared to either scalewise movement or repeated notes.
- The bridges feature a textbookishly Classical pivot modulation to the key of ii (c# minor). By contrast, the verses rely on the definitely non classical flat-VII chord, instead of V, to establish the home key. Ironically, the errant V chord makes its only appearances in the song as part of the pivot home at bridge's end.
- The first phrase of the verse here makes use of a slowly walking bass played out against static harmony that is interesting in comparison to the same stretch in "Here, There, and Everywhere." The deep-structure chord progression in both songs is from I to IV, though the walking bass in each case moves in the opposite direction.
- The home key is the unusual choice of B Major; the only other Beatles song I can think of in this key, off the top of my head, is "One After 909."
- A couple of Lewisohn's comments about this song in _Recording Sessions_ cannot be neatly reconciled without a little creative hypothesizing. (A caveat: what follows here may not be news to you; I'm guilty of not having checked everybody else's study of this song to see if this has been noted yet by anyone else. However, if it hasn't, then consider this a real scoop :-))
- The comments:
- Lewisohn says Paul's lead vocal was recorded with the tape running slow in order to sound higher (and thinner) on playback.
- Alan Civil, the French horn player on the recording, says that the tape he was asked to dub his part onto was "in the cracks" between B-flat and B Major.
- Mr. Civil also describes his horn solo as a "middle range" affair.
- Why they are difficult to reconcile:
- The finished song is mastered in, as close as I can tell, a true B Major; it's not in the cracks.
- The French horn solo is way the hell up in (and even a bit beyond) the conventional range of what a French horn can play, especially with the medium-loud volume and easy nuance heard in this performance.
- The creative hypothesis:
- The song was performed in B-Major.
- The artificially slow taping for Macca's vocal is what was "in the cracks."
- It was onto the *latter* that Civil's horn solo was recorded.
- Furthermore, the horn solo was not merely speed-corrected back up to B-Major, but actually *doubled* in speed on playback in order to sound a full octave higher. If I am correct about this, you might say that this horn solo is the brassy analog to what Mr. Martin did with his piano solo on "In My Life."
- The instrumentation features two different sounding piano parts, a strong, prominent bassline, restrained percussion, an ultra-sincere- sounding single track lead vocal, and of course, that solo for French horn.
- The arrangement is layered in typical Beatles fashon:
- The first two verses have only what sounds like an out-of-tune "tack" piano (and turns out to be a clavichord, specially rented for the ocassion) in chopping, even quarter notes, with some kind of percussion that sounds like distorted, post-processed snare drumming.
- For the first bridge add tambourine and a heavy bassline that sounds at least an octave or two below the rest of the texture, and change the piano to a more normal sounding instrument playing a Schubertian accompaniment figure of rocking eighth notes.
- The heavy bass and the tambourine stick around for the rest of the song, but the piano part follows the pattern established earlier.
- The horn part first appears in the second half of the second verse pair, nicely "inlaid" within the arrangement by virtue of its starting those two beats before the beginning of its verse, and extending a few beats into the bridge which follows it. For both purposes of unification and avoidance of foolish consistency, the horn part is repeated for *part* of one of the final verses, and again for just the last couple notes of the final bridge.
SECTION-BY-SECTION WALKTHROUGH
- Although the verse is a standard 8 measures long, its two 4-measure phrases are rhetorically subdivided into unequal segments by the rhythmic flow and phrasing of the tune.
- The harmonic motion of the phrase moves from I to IV and back to I by way of the modally-flavored flat-VII chord; compare and contrast this with "Help!" The B Major chord is not exactly sustained through the first four measures, but I think it would over-dignify what happens in there by designating a different Roman numeral for each measure. IMHO, the ear follows the large-scale motion from I to IV, and accepts the intervening measures as connective tissue that is harmonically "inconsequential."
- The section nicely climaxes at the start of measure 5, with a D# in the tune creating a tangy Major 7th chord. The further move to flat-VII with the chromatic descent buried within the texture helps unwind the tension, and adds a slight nostalgic touch.
- The Baroque syncopations and triadic outlines of the horn part nicely sympathize with the tune.
- The bridge is ten measures long and is built out of an 'AA' couplet of four-measure phrases plus a two-measure bridge which sets up the return of the next verse:
- Some folks will describe the harmony of m.10 as a I6/4 chord moving to V. I prefer analyzing it as entirely the V chord, with the first half of the measure being a double appoggiatura that resolves in the second half. If you're unacustomed to think about music this way this all sounds, no doubt, like a matter of hair-splitting semantics. The difference though hinges on whether or not you hear *root* motion between the two chords, and believe it or not, you'll find various harmony textbooks rather split and vehement in the way they hold on this point.
SOME FINAL THOUGHTS
- Savor these lyrics, for in them we get an unacustomedly undefended glimpse though the aperture of Paul's soulful heart, as though it had been dialted against his will by hypnosis or drug. Incidentally, these lyrics also sport clever uses of changing perspective (e.g. alternation of verses which speak of him, her, or both him & her) and varied reprise (e.g. the different reference to "need" in the last line of each verse except one, and the manner in which the final verse leads off with the same opening line as the first.) -- but this, alone, would not make them as special as they are.
- And yet, if you think these final lyrics are intense, you've got to take a look at an earlier draft of them, as they are presented to us scrawled *literally* on the back of a metal clapsed manila envelope (see _Things We Said Today_, which further credits the John Cage 'Notations' collection.) While the final lyrics are to be preferred on poetic terms for their theme of bittersweet resignation, the earlier draft shows a person nowhere yet near on the mend from heartbreak.
- Paul's original title for the song was "WHY DID IT DIE?" The first two verses match the final song exactly but from that point on, you cannot miss the rather Woody Allen-esque manner in which the hero beats his head in denial against the brick wall of truth:
Why did it die ? ----------------- You'd like to know. Cry and blame her. You wait You're too late As you're deciding why the wrong one wins, the end begins And you will lose her. Why did it die ? ----------------- I'd like to know. Try to save it. You want her You need (love) her So make her see that you believe it may work and some day You need each other.
- Working out this kind of thing in public surely was never Macca's preference, no less strong suit. Yet, we see here how much the poor fellow must have hurt for Ms. Jane Asher. My own rhetorical final question is what, why, and wherefore, in the final lyrics, are these tears that *she* cries for 'no one'? Wishful thinking, or mature, ironic insight?
Regards,
Alan ([email protected])
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"You won't forget her." 020595#99
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Copyright (c) 1995 by Alan W. Pollack
All Rights Reserved
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